Shared histological characteristics have been observed in the bone matrix and vascularity between ophiacodontidae and the later therapsids synapsida. Pdf evolutionary patterns of bone histology and bone. Instructor all right so were going to be talking about the microscopic structure of bone and in particular, were going to be talking about what is called the haversian system. The endochondral and intramembranous ossification sequences are involved together not only in long bone formation but also in formation of the pelvis, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, scapula and. Long bone histology of basalmost and derived sauropodomorpha. Board question breakdown anatomic sciences section. Learn anatomy bone histology with free interactive flashcards. Probable juvenile specimens can also be tested using bone histology as the analysis of bone histology offers the possibility to establish ontogenetic stages. Introduction bone tissue along with other ct like cartilage, fibrous tissue, fat. The largest bone in the body is the femur or thighbone, and the smallest is. Oct 28, 2014 lecture 1 histology of cartilage and bonerev1 readonly. Bone histology indicates insular dwarfism in a new late.
Changes in histological structure of the long bones of whiteatailed. The initiation of either process depends on the differentiation of. Chondroblasts in existing cartilage divide and form small groups of cells isogenous groups which produce matrix to become separated from each other by a thin partition of matrix. Long bone histology and microanatomy of placodontia. Download full bone histology book in pdf, epub, mobi and all ebook format. This work provides the first extensive study of the long bone histology of stegosaurus.
A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton in animals. This type of bone contains red bone marrow and a network of bony trabeculae. The epiphysis is the end of the bone, and is the portion that participates in the joint. The metaphysis is the joining point between the epiphysis and diaphysis. Normal structure, function, and histology of the bone. The socalled flat bones of the body such as calvaria, mandible, maxilla, etc. These models, frequently described by their german term anlagen, are subsequently replaced by bone in a process called endochondral ossi. Or alternatively, cut the head off at the neck and then cut the body in two sections transversal.
Long bone histology and microanatomy of placodontia diapsida. Contributions to zoology, 84 1 5984 2015 long bone histology and microanatomy of placodontia diapsida. All long bones of pessopteryx humerus, femur, tibia. The histology is compared to that of other dinosaur groups. This type of bone is located between layers of compact bone and is thin and porous. The structure of a long bone allows for the best visualization of all of the parts of a bone. We sampled several long bones and scapulae of four almost complete. Lecture 1 histology of cartilage and bone rev1 readonly.
Previous studies of dinosaur long bone histology, as well as general principles of bone growth, indicate that a section taken at the middle of the shaft of a long bone is generally optimal for. Ontogenetic stages in the longbone histology of sauropod. Sagittal section through long bone showing the internal structure of the bone. Bone density usually peaks in young adulthood and gradually declines as the patient ages. This topic covers the structure and function of bone and cartilage, the type of cells found in these tissues, and how bone and cartilage are formed. A shows jig and core drill in position for sampling of the mater nal left.
Introduction bone tissue along with other ct like cartilage, fibrous tissue, fat, blood vessels, nerves, and hematopoietic elements form the individual bones. Comparisons of long bone histology of kokartus honorarius and modern salamanders. Pdf comparative long bone histology and growth of the. Note osteoclastic bone resorption resorption phase at the lower left solid arrows and new bone formation formation phase at the upper right open arrows. In mature compact bone most of the individual lamellae form concentric rings around larger longitudinal canals approx. Histological representation of volkmanns canal connecting. Pdf ontogeny of polycotylid long bone microanatomy and. Keep in mind that the word bone can refer to either a type of tissue or to the organ. Data concerning ichthyosaur bone microanatomical and histological features consist only of a few long bone, vertebra and rib sections except for mixosaurus, for which more bones were analyzed. Tissue engineering bone reconstruction of critical sized.
A new look at ichthyosaur long bone microanatomy and histology. The long bone histology of ceresiosaurus sauropterygia. Trabecular bone, also known as cancellous bone or spongy bone, mainly serves a metabolic function. The growth plate is located just below the epiphysis and is the portion of the bone in which cartilage proliferates and is mineralized. Distal ulnae were fixed in 10% neutralbuffered formalin for 24 h, transferred to 70% ethanol, decalcified with edta, and embedded in paraffin. Which one of the following tissues is reduced in amount during the termination of the growth of an. Learn bone histology with free interactive flashcards. This is a dense fibrous layer, where muscles insert. Long bone histology and growth patterns in ankylosaurs.
Trabecular bone also called cancellous or spongy bone consists of delicate bars and sheets of bone, trabeculae, which branch and intersect to form a sponge like network. I have gathered together histology practice quizzes from various online classes for college, online medical classes, online histology courses, and other online. Since the last decade, histology of fossil bone has become a frequently used and productive method for studying the ontogeny and life history of extinct amniotes and especially dinosaurs. Cartilage is a resilient connective tissue composed of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix that is gellike and has a rigid consistency. When referring to a bone the organ, there will be several types of tissue present. In the long bones, the epiphysis is the region between the growth plate or growth plate scar and the expanded end of bone, covered by articular. This section will examine the gross anatomy of bone first and then move on to its histology. Bone marrow smear the differential practical advices always do your differential with 1,000x magnification. Bone also serves as a reservoir of calcium, phosphate, and other ions that can be released or stored.
Same bone section slide 11 at higher magnification. The former originates by way of intramembranous ossification, while the latter. A new look at ichthyosaur long bone microanatomy and. Compact bone is organized as parallel columns, known as haversian systems, which run lengthwise down the axis of long bones. Differentiation into chondrocytes occurs in the remaining skeleton where cartilage models of the future bones are formed. Comprehensive and uptodate, the handbook of histology methods for bone and cartilage offers researchers a practical guide to all the major histological and histomorphometrical methods of bone and cartilage analysisa gold mine of detailed techniques for the preparation of tissue from collection through fixation, embedding, sectioning, and. Lecture 1 histology of cartilage and bonerev1 readonly. This study is the first description of ankylosaurian long bone histology based on several limb elements, which were sampled from different individuals from the ankylosauridae and nodosauridae. The ends of long bones or epiphyses consist mainly of trabecular bone compact bone does not have any spaces or hollows in the bone matrix that are visible to the eye. Be able to describe, as well as recognize in microscope sectionsphotos, the process of intramembranous bone formation, including the process by which cancellous bone is converted into compact bone. Bone is highly vascularised, and its calcified matrix makes it very strong.
Bone marrow bone marrow sample bone marrow overview bone marrow histology in a core biopsy myeloid cells monocytic and dendritic cells erythroid cells megakaryocytes lymphoid histology bone spleen an abbreviated version. Long bones are composed of both cortical and cancellous bone tissue. Long bone this slide shows the regions of the end of the growing tibia. Introduction as the main constituent of the adult skeleton, bone tissue supports fleshy structures, protects vital organs such as those in the cranial and thoracic cavities, and harbors the bone marrow, where blood cells are formed. Haversian canals typically run parallel to the surface and along the long axis of the bone. Lines of arrested growth and long bone histology in pleistocene. Count at least 200300 nucleated cells between 4060 cells can be counted in one field with oil immersion. Sauro pterygia nicole klein1, 5, alexandra houssaye2, james m.
Overall, there are five generalized varieties of human bones long, short, flat, sesamoid, and irregular and two architectural subtypes, cortical and. Mechanical properties and histology cortical bone from. Pdf long bone histology indicates sympatric species of. These sections of human faces exhibits all stages of intramembranous bone formation. Finally, long and girdle bone histology of stegosaurus will be. These columns are composed of lamellae, concentric rings of bone, surrounding a central channel, or haversian canal, that contains the nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic system of the bone. Historically, this coincidence has been explained as simply a reflection of the presumed aquatic. The former originates by way of intramembranous ossification, while the latter undergoes endochondral ossification. Abstract long bone histology has often been used to study growth, life history, and physiology of several dinosaurs but only little is known about life and growth parameters of stegosaurus. Click here to add histology world web histology quizzes to your favorites so that you can take a histology practice quiz throughout your histology class. Pdf long bone histology of ophiacodon reveals the geologically earliest occurrence of fibrolamellar bone in the mammalian stem lineage christen shelton academia. Interstitial growth occurs mainly in immature cartilage.
The section is photographed under polarized light to demonstrate the concentric lamelle forming the osteons. A typical mammalian compact bone has two circular layers of circumferential lamellae. Comparison with the long bone histology of largebodied sauropods suggests that the island dwarf species evolved through a decrease in growth rate from its larger ancestor. Bone microanatomy and histology in nothosaurgrade taxa are surprisingly diverse although some trends are apparent. Microanatomy and histology of long bones of several armoured and non armoured placodontia were studied, covering most of their taxonomic. Handbook of histology methods for bone and cartilage. Comparative long bone histology and growth of the hypsilophodontid dinosaurs orodromeus makelai, dryosaurus altus, and tenontosaurus tillettii ornithischia. The birefringence is due to the orientation of collagen fibres in the bone matrix which differs between successive layers. In children, marked bone remodeling occurs, even with gross deformities or shortening of a long bone open reduction and internal fixation of fractures is usually not needed movement along fracture line creates lining of synovial cells and pseudoarthritis soft tissue must be removed and bone stabilized to promote healing. However, to date nothing is known about long bone histology in the ankylosauria. Long bone histology of the stem salamander kokartus. The briar creek bonebed artinskian, nocona formation in archer county is one of the richest sources of dimetrodon bones in the lower permian of texas, usa. Like all compact bone tissue it is characterized by its circular arrangements of osteons, or haversian systems.
Ontogeny of polycotylid long bone microanatomy and histology. Pdf the skeleton serves as an internal structural support system for. Pdf long bone histology and microanatomy of placodontia. The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and. The program then looks indepth at the structure and function of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle before looking at the structure of cartilage and bone and the skeletal systems role in. Choose from 500 different sets of bone histology flashcards on quizlet. Implications for their adaptation to an aquatic life. The quality of the marrow sections is governed by numerous variables related to specimen collection and processing and must be considered. Comparisons of long bone histology of kokartus honorarius and other stemgroup salamanders.
In addition to discussing normal structure, function, and histology of bone marrow, methods for preparation and evaluation of bone. As a tissue, bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. A using the femur as an example of a long bone, the epiphysis is the enlarged area at either end of the bone while the diaphysis is the long shaft in the middle portion of the bone. Flat bones form by membranous bone formation, whereas long bones are formed by a combination of endochondral and membranous bone formation. Flat bones include the skull, mandible, scapulae, sternum, and ribs. Compact bone, or cortical bone, mainly serves a mechanical function. Skeletech bone histology slide set page 4 of 7 2001.
Nov 17, 2017 this feature is not available right now. This is a section of compact bone from the wall of the femoral shaft. Now lets take a piece of bone and cut it in half and see what it looks like on the inside. Physiology of bone formation, remodeling, and metabolism pdf. Evolutionary patterns of bone histology and bone compactness in xenarthran mammal long bones.
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Sauropterygian cortical microanatomy and histology. Spongy cancellous bone which is found at the ends of long bones in the epiphysis. Tissue engineering bone reconstruction of critical sized segmental bone defects in a large animal model johannes christian reichert, md faculty of built environment and engineering, school of. I have gathered together histology practice quizzes from various online classes for college, online medical classes, online histology courses, and other online medical training programs. A similar cellular region and fibrous layer lies on the. Cartilage is thin, avascular, flexible and resistant to compressive forces.
Modern salamanders have a rather simple microanatomical organization of the long bones that are formed by very simple periosteal bone surrounding a large marrow cavity, the latter of which may contain bone tissues of endochondral origin. The current study deduced the growth pattern and lifestyle habits of chersina angulata based on bone histology and cross. Fivemicrometer sections were taken parallel to the long axis of the bone and stained with masson trichrome stain. Role of the resting zone in growth plate chondrogenesis. Microscopic structure of bone the haversian system. Irregular bones include the vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, and hyoid bone.
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